HYDROPOWER GENERATION IN URBAN BUILDINGS-COPY RIGHT BY ANTONY J
ABSTRACT
why can’t we go for the hydropower in below micro
level in our day to day life with using basic principles of electricity
generation through hydro power. The purpose of this study is to explain
theoretically comparing the working model and its miniature model to produce
electricity in our daily life to.
Global is running out of non-renewable energy sources, most of countries are started to use the renewable energy sources in large level. In 100% energy production 10% is renewable energy in this 25% hydro power energy production.
Solar and wind electricity energy productions are
started producing by the private bodies, hydro power is the major power production
technology not under taken by the private bodies, hydro power production needs
more land space and constant government support, this study main objective is
how to produce power in small level in our quotidian.
INTRODUCTION
Hydropower
technology is the major renewable energy source in global wise and also it’s an
oldest technology evaluated in early 1700’s. For more than a century, the
technology for using falling water to create hydroelectricity has existed. The
evolution of the modern hydropower turbine began in the mid of 1700’s.
Hydropower electricity generation needs more land space and constant government support to produce electricity successfully. Major supported to be need from the nature to provide the water resource to produce the electricity in efficient way without failure.
Hydropower electricity generation needs more land space and constant government support to produce electricity successfully. Major supported to be need from the nature to provide the water resource to produce the electricity in efficient way without failure.
Types of
Hydropower Plants impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. impoundment
hydropower plant dams water in a reservoir, Diversion channels a portion of a
river through a canal, sometimes called run-of-river
Hydropower technology principles remains same the methodology and it major parts vary according to the application and mode of water flow. Classification of technology is based on the turbine which is used in power production.
CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINE
HYDROPOWER TECHNOLOGY
The most common
type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to store water in
a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning
it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity.
Hydropower is the most important and widely-used renewable source of energy. Hydropower represents about 16% (International Energy Agency) of total electricity production. China is the largest producer of hydroelectricity, followed by Canada, Brazil, and the United States (Source: Energy Information Administration)
At the end of
2011, over 160 countries had hydropower resources capacity, with a total capacity
of 936 GW across 11,000 hydropower stations
There are three types of hydropower stations: ‘run of river’, where the electricity is generated through the flow of a river’; ‘reservoir’, where power is generated through the release of stored water; and ‘pumped storage’, where stored water is recycled by pumping it back up to a higher reservoir in order to be released again.
There are three types of hydropower stations: ‘run of river’, where the electricity is generated through the flow of a river’; ‘reservoir’, where power is generated through the release of stored water; and ‘pumped storage’, where stored water is recycled by pumping it back up to a higher reservoir in order to be released again.
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Hydropower Turbine Type
|
Typical Site Characteristics
|
|
Low heads (1.5 – 5 metres) Medium to
high flows (1 to 20 m3/s).
For higher flows multiple screws are
used.
|
|
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Low to medium heads (2 – 40
meters)
Low to medium flows (0.1 – 5 m3/s) |
|
|
Low to medium heads (1.5 – 20 meters)
Medium to high flows (3 m3/s – 30 m3/s) For higher flows multiple turbines can be used. |
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High heads (greater than 25 meters)
Lower flows (0.01 m3/s – 0.5 m3/s) |
|
|
Waterwheels
|
Low heads (1 – 5 meters) – though
turbines often
more appropriate for higher heads Medium flows (0.3 – 1.5 m3/s) |
|
Francis turbines
|
No longer commonly used except in
very large storage hydropower systems, though lots of older, smaller turbines
are in existence and can be restored.
For older turbines : Low to medium heads (1.5 – 20 meters) Medium flows (0.5 – 4 m3/s) |
TYPES TURBINES
ARCHIMEDES SCREW TURBINES
Using a hydropower
screw for electricity production signals a conversion in the use of energy by
the Archimedean screw. In the ancient world, the invention was used to irrigate
the fields with water from the Nile.
Hydropower screws
used in conjunction with a generator are an environmentally friendly component
of the regional, decentralized and cost-saving energy transition policy.
The screw has a
mechanical efficiency of up to 90%. Its effectiveness is also only slightly
affected by varying water levels.
ARCHIMEDES SCREW TURBINES DATA
|
TYPES
|
BLADE DIA
BD
(m)
|
BLADE LENGTH
BL
(m)
|
HEAD
H
(m)
|
FLOW
Q
(m3/s)
|
ELECTRIC POWER P
(kw)
|
|
1
|
1.60
|
3.10
|
1
|
1.20
|
800
|
|
2
|
1.60
|
3.20
|
1.35
|
0.80
|
750
|
|
3
|
1.90
|
8.46
|
3.17
|
1.50
|
3300
|
|
4
|
1.80
|
4.52
|
1.75
|
1.20
|
1390
|
|
5
|
1.60
|
7.43
|
3.16
|
1
|
2100
|
|
6
|
2.30
|
5.52
|
2.70
|
1
|
3600
|
|
7
|
1.60
|
7.51
|
1.80
|
1
|
1670
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ROBUST MODEL
ARCHIMEDES
SCREW TURBINE DESIGN
This
idea is to propose the scale down model of the Archimedes screw turbines, by
scaling down the turbine blades and relative equipment’s we can use this
turbine in high building which are all having more water usage.
The
turbine blade size and water flow are shown in table those data’s are collected
from the working turbines in France. We need to scale down or redesign the size
as per our requirement and available water flow.
Location
should be at high attitude then only water flow will be equally throughout the process;
basic principle is the discharge pipe diameter should be less then only we will
get more flow time with high velocity.so that we can produce the power output
in efficient manner.
Keeping type 1
turbine as a reference and designing the scale down turbine to
ratio of scale Down 1:10 and 1:5.
ratio of scale Down 1:10 and 1:5.
|
SCALING SIZE
|
BLADE DIA
BD
(m)
|
BLADE LENGTH
BL
(m)
|
HEAD
H
(m)
|
FLOW
Q
(m3/s)
|
ELECTRIC POWER P
(kw)
|
|
1:10
|
0.16
|
3.10
|
1
|
0.12
|
80
|
|
1:5
|
0.8
|
3.10
|
1
|
0.6
|
400
|
WATER
TANK CALCULATION: -
As per the survey by given by WWRDR average person
water usage we can calculate the average size water tank to be used in
apartment or in office.
Source: world
water resource research and Development
WATER USAGE CALCULATION FOR 50
FAMILIES OCCUPIED APARTMENT
Per-person average water usage is = 140-150 lits
each families have minimum = 4 persons
each families have minimum = 4 persons
Total persons in apartment= 4 person’s X 50 families
Total water usage = total persons X water per day
200 X 140
total requirement of water per day= 28000 lit/day
200 X 140
total requirement of water per day= 28000 lit/day
Standard plastic water tank in market is maximum 10000lits
Total 3 tanks required to store the water
BLOCK
DIAGRAM OF CONCEPT
WORKING
PRICIPLE
As shown in above fig the tank arrangement has to be
made on the building terrace, according to the building water requirement the
tanks need to be divided so that the no. of turbine will increase and power
production also get increased.
For this concept total water requirement per day is
28000lits, its divided and stored in three 10000 litres tanks, each tank
contains one Archimedes screw turbine at the bottom. connection need to done by
the way of block diagram.
When the water is filling at every day in the tank 1
it will flow to tank 2 while running itself it will rotate the screw turbine,
once it reaches the tank 2 it will allow the water flow to the tank 3 through
the turbine during this power production will happen in turbine 2, once it
reaches the tank 3 and I will flow to the outlet pipe where 3rd
turbine is placed during this time period also power generation is occurring in
3rd turbine.
This
process is uniform and also constant power production, whenever the water is
used by the people the water is taken from the 3rd tank and it
rotates the turbine. Because of the water level decrease, the water level in 3rd
tank try to maintain the same, so it will pull the water from 1st tank
to maintain the water level
While water is flowing from 1st tank to 2nd
and ten it will reach the 3rd tank during this travel water flows
through the turbine and constant flow and constant power production will happen
in efficient manner.
The power production calculation is made for the
different types of blade size, which is optimum for the 28000 litres water
usage and its divided by 3.the size ratio of the turbines are taken from the
working model screw type turbine, keeping the working model as reference and
calculations are made.
(i)
WATER FLOW TIME CALCULATION for 1:10
Finding Time taken to empty
the tank
Tank length=97”
Tank Dia= 100”
Outlet orifice Dia =6”
Formula:
-
=
62 / 4(144)
62 / 4(144)
=113.09/576
=0.196ft2
= (97(1002)/3x
(.12) x (0.196)) x0.497
= (970000/0.070)
x 0.497
= 6887000 sec
=1913 hrs per
tank
(ii)
WATER FLOW TIME CALCULATION for 1:5
Finding Time taken to empty
the tank
Tank length=97”
Tank Dia= 100”
Outlet orifice Dia =31”
Formula:
-
=
312 / 4(144)
312 / 4(144)
=3019.07/576
=5.24ft2
= (97(1002)/3x
(0.6) x (5.24)) x0.497
= (970000/9.432)
x 0.497
= 51112 sec
=14 hrs per tank
POWER
PRODUCTION CALCULATION: -
Each turbine has a capacity to produce 400kw per day
Total no.of turbine is 3
Tank empty per day in 14 hrs
Total turbine
running hours 14 x 3 = 42 hrs
Per hour power production by one turbine is 16 kw
Total power production by turbines are 16 x 42 = 672
kw
CONCULSION
This concept is implemented in more water consumption
building we will get the effective power production at constant, and uniform
level, Blade size is calculated from the working model.
According to the water level usage the turbine need to
design for the power production. More water usage leads to more power
production vis versa.
This method is most economical way of power production
in micro level in urban area and by using lesser water consumptions and lesser
water wastage.
GRAPH
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